Distribution is the process of giving things to people e.g. in marketing the product will either been published through posters, television adverts, magazines, newspapers, radio etc.
The BBC operates several television channels in the UK of which BBC One and BBC Two are the flagship television channels. In addition to these two flagship channels, the BBC operates several digital only stations: BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News, BBC Parliament, and two children's channels, CBBC and CBeebies. Digital television is now in widespread use in the UK, with analogue transmission completely phased out by December 2012. The BBC targtes towards a mass audience, BBC being the main mass channel. The BBC is distributed through BBC iplayer where consumers can access any television programmes, radio shows that they have missed, also through other digital outputs such as the red button and BBC online where they can access other information such as news, sport, weather, TV, radio an more.
This chart above identifies the weekly reach of the BBC/ the popularity of the BBC channels, BBC one with the most weekly watched with 78.8% and BBC Two following second with 54.3%.
Digital distribution is the delivery of media content such as audio, visual, software & game . ITV ,Sky, Virgin media, BBC are part of digital.
The BBC broadcast radio shows to wide demographic on digital and DAB radio, Radio 1 being the main station. The radio show has ten radio stations serving the whole of the UK, a further six stations in the "national regions" (Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), and 40 other local stations serving defined areas of England. These are BBC Radio 1, offering new music and popular styles and being notable for its chart show; BBC Radio 2, playing Adult contemporary, country and soul music amongst many other genres; BBC Radio 3, presenting classical and jazz music together with some spoken-word programming of a cultural nature in the evenings; BBC Radio 4, focusing on current affairs, factual and other speech-based programming, including drama and comedy; and BBC Radio 5 Live, broadcasting 24-hour news, sport and talk programmes. The BBC stick to there public service obligations which are to make sure they : Inform, Educate and Entertain to there target audince.
Cinema Chains
Odeon Cinemas is a British chain of cinemas, one of the largest in Europe. It is owned by Odeon & UCI Cinemas Group whose ultimate parent is Terra Firma Capital Partners. Odeon broadcast mainsteam film to a mass audience. Odeon caters for mainstream audiences and mostly screens American big budget films which is distributed across the UK. Films which are most likely to make a profit are purchased by Odeon. They do not tend to offer a niche film experience unlike an independent or art-house cinema.
www.odeon.co.uk
Newspaper is a part of Retail outlets for print which are distributed from:
- Super markets such as Asda and Waitrose.
- Corner shops (independently owned smaller shops)
- Libraries (government owned and open for the public to access books, resources, internet and films.)
- Airports (Offer small distribution outlets usually shops such as WH Smith)
- Uk news agents (locally stores where you can access newspapers, magazines)
WH Smiths
Independent news stands
- online readership (The development of the internet means that publications can be accessed and read online such as www.thesun.co.uk)
Television Networks:
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BBC - The BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation, it is a British public service broadcasting corporation.Its main responsibility is to provide impartial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom.
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Channel 4 - Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster which began transmission on 2 November 1982. The target audience for channel 4 is 16-40 +
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ITV- ITV is a major commercial public service TV network in the United Kingdom. Launched in 1955 under the auspices of the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC, it is also the oldest commercial network in the UK.The target audience for ITV is 16-34
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Sky- Is a British satellite broadcasting, broadband and telephony services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, with operations in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
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Living - Sky Living is a British television channel owned by BSkyB, who purchased the Living TV Group group in 2010. Originally launched as UK Living in 1993, the channel changed its name to Living TV in 1997 and then to Living in 2007. On 1 February 2011 Living changed its name to Sky Living.
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Virgin media - Virgin Media Inc. is a company which provides fixed and mobile telephone, television and broadband internet services to businesses and consumers in the United Kingdom.
Tabloid & broadsheet newspapers & channels/soaps
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Local newspapers – metro , the guardian, local news
The metro is a free tabloid which is also a niche newspaper because of the regional areas around London where it is distributed. They are publish by the associated newspaper. However there is a growth within the market for the metro newspaper as achieving within the first five years it achieved a readership of over 1million making it the 4th daily newspaper . It now approximately 1.3mil copies and has some 3.5 million readers. It can now founded in several UK urban centres such as Birminham, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottinham, Newcastle & sheffield. There is also a Dublin free sheet newspaper which is broadening the readership.
The Guardian is also an example of a cross media as they provide videos on their website.
this screen shot shows a video from the oscars. This cross media will attract the viewers.
· An example of regional in print is the metro
· An example of national papers are The Times, The Sun, The Guardian
· International examples are channels that broadcast in other counties/ broadcasting English channels/shows which are available in other countries.
Ownership
An example of a private service is Sky, private services is when you pay for a particular service such as the BBC BBC is a public service broadcasting company. Public services include things like licence fees which is commercially financed. Public services can be locally or nationally operated, in some countries public services is run by a single company/organisation. Channel 4 is also a commercial public service. ITV and channel 5 also have a significant public obligations order to broadcast and as part of there licence. In comparison to the BBC Sky had to persuade consumers to subscribe and buy to there services. Sky uses advertising techniques such as TV adverts and public selling to grab the audience attention in order for them to buy the package/ deals that they offer. Sky is different from the BBC as you have to pay through your licence fee where as Sky try to persuade you to pay from specific package deals that they offer and broadband deals. Sky is a public and a limited service company run with a private ownership. The Guardian is owned by the guardian media group with a mass media company , which is a public limited company. Channel 4 is an example for a commercial public broadcaster along side sky and virgin. ITV is independent and is a commercial public service to provide competition to the BBC.
Independent ownership such as Century TV which was privately set up and run in 2004
http://www.century-tv.co.uk/
They offer a live broadcasting service. they are a digital production company which creates and distributes sports and and entertainment across various different media platforms including TV and online, on mobile and video on demand. Century Tv offers a variety of video services to it's consumers with non-linear and video post production. Another example of a independent service could be ITV. ITV is a mainstream channel that attracts a family viewing. ITV uses advertising in order to gain their money. An example of multinationalism in audio-visual could be the BBC or Sky. Sky is owned by Rupert Murdoch who has a big part is media distribution. The BBC is available in various countries with the different services they offer from radio, TV, news and other this can all be available on BBC iplayer which can be accessed in various countries. An example for multinationalism in print is the Sun which is available world wide. News corp is an example of a multinational mass company which is a public stock and shares company.
Niche markets in Audio- Visual
Doctors the soap opera have a niche target audience and is broadcasted on BBC One in the UK. In Ireland, the series is shown on RTÉ One at 12.30pm on Mondays and Wednesdays and at 12.15pm on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. The demographic for BBC One is 16-35. The reason why doctors isn't as mainstream as other soaps such as Eastenders is because of the themes that happens which doesn't appeal to a broaden demographic. Furthermore the soap is aimed towards a specific occupation which also restricts the demographic.
The Bill is another example of a niche serial Drama/ containg soap elements TV show due to the popularity and the ratings. In 2009, The Daily Mirror reported that The Bill was to be moved to a post-watershed slot to allow it to cover grittier storylines. It was reported that it is the first time in British Television that ITV have broadcast a drama all year in the 9 pm slot. The changeover happened at the end of July 2009. Before the move, The Bill was averaging 10 million viewers between the two episodes each week. BARB reports that the week 12–18 October 2009 saw 3.78 million viewers watch The Bill. This started to have a smaller distribution. However even though the show had to stop due to the ratings this has been the longest British longest Police Drama's. The series has been criticised by the tabloid press for the replacing of the iconic theme tune as part of a revamping effort, which gave the show a negative representation.
Niche Market - A niche market is the subset of the market on which a specific product is focusing. So the market niche defines the specific product features aimed at satisfying specific market needs, as well as the price range, production quality and the demographics that is intended to impact. It is also a small market segment. For example, sports channels like STAR Sports, ESPN, STAR Cricket, and Fox target a niche of sports lovers. Hollyoakes is aimed towards a youth audience which would make the programme targeted towards a niche market.
Globalisation - Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange . E.g. countries are trading more products and having a wide variety of different cultures . Globalisation exports across the world which appeals more world wide internationally.Globalisation is people are more connected, the BBC are an example of Globalisation as the world service had a ready made audience
Globalisation has resulted in:
- Increased international trade
- A company operating in more than one country
- Greater dependence on the global economy
- Freer movement of capital, goods, and services
- Recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks in (LEDCs - a less economically developed country , LECD , has low levels of development , based on economic indicators
An example of a global newspaper
Financial viability - financial viability is the ability of an entity to continue to achieve its operating objectives and fulfil its mission over the long term.
Need of the audience / consumer - what the audience wants , and why ? the purpose of it , who are the target audience ?
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Niche markets in print
This magazine appeals to a niche market because this appeals to a small target audience who are only interested in photography. The need for the audience/ consumer will be improving their photography by the tips giving in the magazine. This magazine will contain information about photography equipment such as lenses and tripods/ cameras itself which is a form of advertising. As this magazine appeals to a niche market it will not sell that many copies and a more mainstream magazine/ newspapers such as Ok magazine or the sun. Evening standards is a tabloid newspaper and appeals to a niche market as it is distributed in London.
Rupert Murdoch and ownership
The media is one of the most important forces in our society, affecting the way we think, act and behave. Since the latter half of the 20th century media ownership has been dominated by a few people.
Rupert Murdoch is the most powerful, as he is the founder and CEO of News corporation. His assets include 20th century fox, Fox broadcasting, BSkyB, The Sun, The News Of The World', The Times, Twenties Century Fox, Sky. Rupert Murdoch has a huge power in the media as he has control of a lot of sources from TV broadcasting and newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch owns more than 20% of ITV.
What does this mean for the audience?
Concentration of ownership is often criticised for limiting the diversity of ideas in the public sphere.
Furthermore while someone might think they receive a range of opinions by watching Fox, or reading the UK Times, they are all owned by the same news agency. furthermore owners control the editors who influence the writers and content. This means that the writers can promote there own values or seek political advantages through editorial bias.
The BBC licence fee is paid through our TV licence that we pay.
Should there still be a licence fee for the BBC. Virgin have subscriptions in which you pay for certain package deals, you pay for programmes that you want to watch. For the BBC you have to pay regardless if you watch it or not.
The BBC scandal of Jimmy Savile is that they didn't reveal the full information which may have controversy over the BBC and this would have an effect other TV publications. Furthermore this could affect the audience choice over other public services such as Sky and Virgin media, as the consumers have more freedom to buy for channels that they wish to watch rather than paying a licence fee for the BBC in wish they are force to pay fore through taxes/ TV licence.
Cross media
Cross media is a media property service, story or experience distribution across media platforms using a variety of media form for example E20, internet, Eastenders. Rupert Murdoch has cross media as he operates in several different countries. Rupert Murdoch operates across Europe including Italy, Asia, America, UK, Australia, New Zeland etc.
Advertsing is important as the diverse adverts attract consumers and inform them for certain products. Unlike the the BBC where they get there money from our TV licence/ tax, other channels like channel 4 and ITV get money through advertisement. This improves the revinue for the business. BBC one annual budget for 2012/13 is £1.14 billion. The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC's other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising.
ITV's revenue was £382m in the first three months of 2013, up 5.5% year on year, which ITV said outperformed the wider market.ITV's broadcast and online division, which includes spot ad revenue as well as digital revenues, reported revenues of £465m in the first three months, up 5.7% year on year.Meanwhile, online, pay and interactive revenues increased by 17% year on year. Channels such as ITV and channel 4 also use advertising to inform viewers of new programmes, but advertising new programmes via posters/ magazines/ tv guide, on tv and on the internet this creates greater public awareness. On the commercial channels, the amount of airtime allowed by the UK broadcasting regulator Ofcom for advertising is an overall average of 7 minutes per hour, with limits of 12 minutes for any particular clock hour (8 minutes per hour between 6pm and 11pm). In the United States, the TV advertisement is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial broadcasting airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super BowlAmerican football game is known as much for its commercial advertisements as for the game itself, and the average cost of a single 30-second TV spot during this game (seen by 90 million viewers) has reached US$3 million (as of February 2011).
Need of the audience
Programmes and other distribution channels pleasure there demographic audience by finding trends and the popularity of programmes/ media types by carry out research. Programmes broadcast to advertise and inform viewers with new and upcoming programmes. By advertising this creates more visual awareness. Programmes and radio shows provide different types of genres in order to attract different consumers such as BBC One is the main BBC channel which provides shows from Drama's, soaps, comedy, news etc.
News is used to be informed (audience needs) – so people can be up to date with the latest news.
It has been suggested that, in general, television executives believe that advertisers covet the 18-49 age demographic and that older viewers are of almost no interest to most advertisers due to their unwillingness to change their buying habits.
Need of the audience
Programmes and other distribution channels pleasure there demographic audience by finding trends and the popularity of programmes/ media types by carry out research. Programmes broadcast to advertise and inform viewers with new and upcoming programmes. By advertising this creates more visual awareness. Programmes and radio shows provide different types of genres in order to attract different consumers such as BBC One is the main BBC channel which provides shows from Drama's, soaps, comedy, news etc.
News is used to be informed (audience needs) – so people can be up to date with the latest news.
Online catchup Tv is used in finding the right portal such as E20 is watched through the internet, which attracts its demographic audience as young people go online often, which applies to the audiences needs and fits in with there lifestyle and applies to trends within the demographic. Soaps needs - the major channels provide answer to specific audience needs for example which is used for entertainment, social issues, explored & discussed through characters that we can identify. Segmentation in television broadcasting is the way in which broadcasters separate there channels to target different audiences an example of this would be the BBC. BBC One is aimed at a core/mainstream audince. BBC Two caters for more niche interest. BBC Three is aimed at a youth/ young demographic. BBC Four is aimed at a more mature demographic.
broadcasters research audience viewing figures to mainstream whats popular on the channels. An example for a comedy broadcasted on BBC One which is aimed towards a family audience broadcasted on prime time would be Harry Hill's TV burp which is part of the BBC'S entertainment. An example that is broadcasted on BBC Three which is aimed towards a more specific demographic would be Russell Howard's good news as this is aimed towards a more teenage demographic bring comedy to news that has happened in the last week in the media.
broadcasters research audience viewing figures to mainstream whats popular on the channels. An example for a comedy broadcasted on BBC One which is aimed towards a family audience broadcasted on prime time would be Harry Hill's TV burp which is part of the BBC'S entertainment. An example that is broadcasted on BBC Three which is aimed towards a more specific demographic would be Russell Howard's good news as this is aimed towards a more teenage demographic bring comedy to news that has happened in the last week in the media.
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